The timing of the Paris attacks was perhaps deliberately orchestrated to coincide with an anniversary that serves part of ISIS's propaganda machine. In November, 1914, as World War I raged, the religious ideologue Sheikh-ul-Islam declared jihad on behalf of the Ottoman Caliphate, urging his followers to take up arms against several countries including France, Russia and the United Kingdom. That conflict eventually resulted in the defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate -- a grievance frequently cited by al-Qaeda and ISIS.